Psychology and education in the twentieth century Essay

The twentieth century was innovative in a multiplicity of fields, including psychology and education. The attempt to develop the understanding on how humans learn was a challenge upheld by a â€Å"huge and diverse cast of characters† (Harrà ©, 2005: p7), with some so prolific that they didn’t only affect the classroom but â€Å"have left an enduring mark on our understanding of ourselves† (Harrà ©, 2005: p7). For this essay, I will describe and reflect on the theories of Burrhus Fredrick Skinner and Jerome Bruner, particularly focusing on Operant Conditioning and Cognitive Learning and apply them to an educational setting. Jerome Bruner (1915-2016) is renowned as one of the most significant and influential cognitive and constructivist theorists of the twentieth century and specifically developed â€Å"the study of the mental processes of thinking† (Harrà ©, 2005: p49). His initial focus was the development of human cognition but psychology at Harvard, according to Bruner had become â€Å"centrifugal† (Bruner,1983: p252). In turn, this led Bruner to begin his exploration into child cognitive development, heightening the importance of categorization in learning as well as â€Å"challenge the old psychology in the latter years of the 20th century† (Harrà ©, 2005: p.60) Bruner was highly influential in educational thinking, especially after the release of his book â€Å"The Process of Education (1960)† that is now recognized as a classic. Himself and other cognitivist theorists such as Piaget were both interested in child development, and Bruner agreed with Piaget that biological organisation underlies cognitive development but queried whether age ranges were correct in his developmental stage theory and believed that â€Å"it paid insufficient attention to the role of social interaction† (Olson, 2005: p.25). Similarly to Bruner, I do not believe that a child’s age always indicates their level of understanding. Limited description is offered of a child’s learning necessities, capability level, or motivational influences; all of which will have an impact on their understanding. I believe that this is a notion that still hasn’t been explored deeply enough and has a negative impact on our education today, as some students are still failing as the curriculum is generalised â€Å"the exam boards adopt common ways of working† (Ofqal,2017). The Eminent Harvard Psychologist has contributed greatly towards psychology overall, but his works have been most recognized in education; he felt that it was substantial for a learner to attain the fundamental values of a subject – his theory generally expressed that learners develop new ideas and concepts based upon existing knowledge; correspondingly to Piaget, he used three phases to develop his theory on modes of representation (how a learner may think of an object). Each mode is foremost at different stages of development, but all are present throughout the process. The first stage (1-18 months), was termed â€Å"inactive†. Thinking is utterly based on the child’s physical actions rather than their internal thinking. This mode is continuously seen in the later years, an example of that would be when a child is learning how to get dressed for school or ride a bike. The second mode begins to develop when a child reaches 18 months and was named â€Å"iconic†, and is mainly obtained via pictures or icons. These are mainly based on the five senses (hear, touch, smell, visualise). In an educational setting, diagrams and/or illustrations are often useful when introducing a new topic. The third stage, mainly reached at the age of 6 is â€Å"symbolic† and is primarily based on the use of symbols. Language also serves the purpose of regulation in this stage; as children develop, they shift from being external to being internal in cognitive processes. Using language as a symbol is essential to develop the capacity to think in abstract terms. Based on this three-stage notion, Bruner recommended using a combination of concrete, pictorial and then symbolic activities which will lead into more effective learning. This remains true even for adult learners. The theory is conceptually useful in teaching, as it allows staff to engage with all learners regardless of their cognitive level. With a range of supplies (study materials, activities, and tools), a new topic can be taught easily as it can begin as a concrete representation, and eventually end as an abstract one. This also provides learners something they can return to if they come across any problems with the matter. A primary example would be to engross the learners to do physically create 3D shapes. The following exercise would be an illustration of a shape, and the names of the shapes would aurally be read out and explained by the tutor. Thirdly, the learners should discuss the concept of the lesson and discuss any findings. Not only is this a far more gradual and realistic way of learning, I believe it also encourages motivation; something Bruner felt strongly about â€Å"The act of grasping the meaning, significance or structure of a problem or a situation without explicit re liance on the analytic apparatus of one’s craft† (Bruner, 1966: p.) For Bruner, the purpose of education is not to impart knowledge, but instead to facilitate a child’s thinking and problem solving skills which can then be transferred to a range of situations. Bruner’s notions and concepts have been rejected and critiqued by other theorists. For example, Piaget trusts that patience is necessary to reach the stage where a child is ready, whereas Jerome Bruner believes that the speed of cognitive development process can be increased if necessary. Unlike Piaget who was â€Å"resistant to criticism, sticking to a fixed position in the face of theoretical objections and empirical refutations† (Harrà ©, 2005: p57), Bruner was â€Å"unafraid of words like mind, and expectation, and perception, and meaning† (Miller, 2003: p.142). Bruner places a broader focus on his theory and attempts to be more open-minded and take a variety of studies into account

Nora in Ibsen’s “A Doll’s House” Essay

Throughout history, the role of gender equality has been viewed with varying degrees of importance by societies. People are quick to identify and label a ‘rebel’ as the one who goes against all the moral convictions and different ‘normalities’ of each society. The definition of rebel is listed as â€Å"someone or something that resists any authority or control. † In the context of society, the control which is resisted by the rebel can be no other than the stereotypes of that particular society, a feature which can be directly linked to the oppression of women and their desires and aspirations under standardised conditions and circumstances. Can the rebellious attitudes of women be condemned, ignoring the discontent of these women? Also, should their happiness become repressed, giving way to self-sacrifice and the forfeiting of their desires? It is these issues which Medea and Nora are faced with, and in each case we can see that their decision to go against the stereotypes of the eras are perhaps indicative of the predominance of their own desires and dreams over the notion of self-sacrifice. Thus we can see that both Medea and Nora can be characterised as rebels against the societies they live in. To begin with, Nora has fit into her society quite appropriately. She has married Torvald Helmer, and has three small children. She fulfills her duties as mother and wife with no apparent constraints from happiness. She does indeed thrive on keeping her home as best she can with the limited money she has at her disposal. One example of this is where she has bought Christmas presents for Torvald, all of her children, and even the maids; however she buys nothing for herself. 1 She endures Torvald’s condescending stance towards her, and does not retaliate when he criticizes both her and her father by saying that Nora is â€Å"just like your father – always on the look-out for all the money you can get, but the moment you have it, it seems to slip through your fingers†¦ â€Å"2 The impression we are left with after these first pages is that of Nora being extremely nai ve, and having to be put in her place by Helmer, who does so almost instinctively.

Aesthetics of Knowledge Maps Essay

If â€Å"a picture is worth a thousand words†, what is the worth of each word? Does the value of the aesthetic decrease through this transition? The human brain is trained to believe that there is a word to describe aesthetic, being able to put a label or description on all of this information. Why must we even classify a photo’s meaning through the written language? Visual information cannot be fully described through language or non-visual semiotic systems, because it is irreducible. Information is an artistic and aesthetic concept; to understand our world we must include the notion of information and how we as humans can make a representation of the world in our minds. Visual artifacts contain information. We store information visually, we analyze information through a visual means, and we understand information better when it is represented visually. The word ‘tree’ represents a tree as an aesthetic, an encompassing notion versus a specific image of a s ingular tree. There is a broader spectrum for understanding when something is visual. Depending of what language you speak, the framework of our semantic foundation, the meaning of a word varies drastically. People that speak different languages all see something in a photograph or painting and could tell you what it is they see, but the differences in our semantic thinking, language of words classifying information, will make it different. When a human is in early development stages as a child, the first initial way to communicate for them is visual information. Before children learn to read and write they draw, watch television, look at picture books. Then they are given teachings of communicating visuals to word. During the Paleolithic Period, 40,000–8,000 BCE, nomadic people painted in caves as a wondrous early way of communication, sharing information with others. An incredible example is the Hall of Bulls in the Lasceux Caves located in France in 15,000 BCE. These humans could not read or write and yet the visual information they represented with these paintings is breathtaking. They didn’t need 1,000 words to describe what they saw until the information age. Stories throughout time have been told naturally with visual information. Information has a history, yet unlike regular history, it is unbound by Euclidian space. It is not a physical being that has but one description. However, now information is all put into word. Without an extensive vocabulary there is little chance you could ever be able to express notions as clearly as if you were to simply communicate with visuals. Reliance on visual’s word to form the structure of all of our communication means thinking; visualizing information and mapping thought processes. Knowledge deals with matter of facts; laws of nature and society deal with energy processes and determine knowledge and facts. Information is prior to laws and knowledge; information is structured, relational, stored and transmitted, aesthetic. Information is configurations, organization and formalization. Mapping concepts structures our knowledge and makes us able to generate hypotheses. The organization of thoughts and concepts in this way brings the opportunity of serendipitously learning.

Professional Development Resource Assignment Essay

Professional Development Resource Assignment - Essay Example These skills and knowledge are aimed at achieving various goals set by different firms. Also, they help in meeting the company’s vision, missions, and obligations towards the community and customers. Most students study leadership development to acquire appropriate knowledge on leadership, learn various traits of good leaders, and prepare themselves for future leadership roles. According to the article Deep Mentoring: Guiding Others on Their Leadership Journey, leadership development is critical in cultivating management traits and practical skills in many aspiring leaders (Reed, 2012). Attributes such as rational decision-making skills, good leadership, and teamwork are essential for the success of businesses. As a result, any person aspiring to be an influential and successful leader must possess these skills. Leadership development training offers the perfect opportunity for individuals such as students to learn these skills. Equally, they learn these skills from successful and experienced leaders with vast knowledge on management practices. Thus, they are assured of gaining valuable knowledge of relevant leadership traits. From this article, it is clear that leadership development training is the source of appropriate leadership skills. Leadership development and training can benefit me in various ways. For instance, through leadership development trai ning, I will develop helpful leadership traits such as critical thinking skills and management skills hence, which will give me the ability to attain rational decision-making with respect to my career development. According to the article, leadership development helps aspiring leaders to become attentive and creative thinkers. Thus, the article has helped me realize the importance of studying leadership since traits such as creative thinking and attentiveness are indispensable for leaders. Additionally, I can nurture my leadership skills while in college, as leadership development

Investment analysis and portfolio management Assignment

Investment analysis and portfolio management - Assignment Example The risks attributed to the investment done in both the Wall Street and Dubai Financial Market depends on a number of factors, which include overall volatility of the financial market. In these cases, the selling price of shares across various sectors appears to be stable due to the big number of big investment companies such as Google and Amazon among others that have heavily invested. This aspect stabilizes the market pricing and thus reduces the risks involved. In addition, the portfolios invested in are not risky and this leaves a leeway of accepting to take the risks that may occur. The investment of 1,500,000AUD in diverse sectors in both the Wall Street and Dubai Financial Market is substantive and the fact that tow different markets are invested in, it implies that, the risk is diversified. In essence, risk diversification is a critical component of that an investor considers before investing in a financial market. In this case, the investor is well prepared to face a situation where a risk would occur in one Investment Company, whereas the other one makes profits. This explains the essence of risk diversification. With this implication, then the investor’s ability to take risk qualifies to be average. However, the investments on the stock type F reduce the investor’s ability to take the risk. Considering the selling price of $ 15.71 on Monday, February 02, 2015 and $16.13 on Sunday February 15, 2015 respectively, we can conclude that, the this type of stock did not sell at a reasonable profit margin, when comparing g it with GOOG or AMZN, whic h was sold at $ 493. 72 and $ 293.95 on Monday, January 12, 2015 respectively. The point of focus attributed to the profit margin is on the number of shares invested in the profitable stocks. In the case of the non-profitable stock F in Wall Street, the number of shares traded is 1500, whereas the number of the shares

The Spratly Islands Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Spratly Islands - Essay Example Some of the island claims overlap and have led to international tensions over the right to claim some of the world's largest oil reserves and expand their territorial fishing rights. Powerful nations in the area that have a growing need for energy pose a serious threat for future disputes, but recent agreements have eased the tensions to a degree and offer some hope of a model of economic cooperation. . Claims to the islands in the archipelago largely rest on the claimant's ability to establish a historical record of being there first, their geographical proximity, or a record of diplomatic agreements. China, Japan, France, and Vietnam all made claims to, and inhabited, the islands sporadically before and during the first half of the 20th century. China's claim to the islands dates back 2nd century BC Han dynasty, and in 1933 the Chinese made a formal public declaration of claim to the islands and stated that the islands "are inhabited only by Chinese fishermen, and are internationally recognized as Chinese territories".1 The Japanese used the Spratly Islands as a staging point for their assault on the Philippines during World War II, but the action drew little attention from the British who considered the islands terra nullius, a non-legally binding concept that argues uninhabited islands are open to settlement.2 Vietnam's claims date back to the 17th century and are bolstered by an 1884 treaty that claims the French administered the islands while they were a protectorate of France.3 Vietnam has recently contended that they have continuously occupied the islands since the 1600s and have "exercised effectively, continuously and peacefully its sovereignty" over the Spratly islands as well as the neighbouring Paracel Islands.4 Historians have largely disputed the legitimacy of the claims made by Vietnam and since World War II the islands have become the centre of an international debate involving China, Taiwan, Brunei, Malaysia, Vietnam, and the Philippines. Since World War II the Spratly Islands have gained significant strategic importance for their location amid a rapidly developing area, as well as for the economic value of their natural resources. Ownership of the islands gives the owner internationally recognized fishing rights in an area that is rich in fish and seafood. The discovery of some of the richest gas and oilfields in the world has sparked an intense competition for ownership. The islands lie in the middle of several nations that have a growing need for oil that is mostly currently imported from the Middle East and Africa. In addition, the islands lie in the middle of the shipping lanes that include the Strait of Malacca, which serves the expanding Asia-Pacific economic region, and is the second busiest sea-lane in the world5. It is estimated that over half the world's supertanker traffic and "half of the world's merchant fleet (by tonnage) sails through the South China Sea every year".6 This gives the owners of the islan ds geo-political strength as well as control of the resources in the area surrounding the islands. The island's strategic location and the ability to disrupt trade have given the Spratly Islands an increased military importance in light of the world's growing need for oil. The most recent decades have seen open hostilities as nations have worked to build a spirit of

Proposal Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Proposal - Dissertation Example From this we derive that dating is basically an activity of knowing each other over a longer period of time to see if a romantic relationship that is built within themselves should extend further or not. Online Dating An  internet dating service, commonly  known as  online dating, is a  dating system that gives the platform to people seeking for a romantic relationship. The individuals are able to meet their date online and can start a new romantic or sexual relationship through this online service. The online dating service provides its services through the help of  personal computers, the  Internet, and phones. It allows people to give their personal information, and requirements so that they can search for the individuals accordingly. The criteria they are asked to share include gender, age bracket, location and much more. There is also an option to upload one’s own photos on the website so that the other members of the website can view the photo. There are othe r services offered by the sites including  online chat, message boards, webcasts etc. There are various sites that do not charge for its registration whereas some require a monthly subscription fee. Usually the concept of online dating fills the distance gaps and that is the reason most of the members belong to a variety of backgrounds seeking a different types of relationships. But there always some sites that are more specific about the type of members, their interest, location, background or relationship. Aim of Research Project The topic of the research is well introduced. The following are the aim of this research paper: To analyze the concept and trend of online dating. To discuss the advantages and disadvantages of online dating. To see its effects and results, by closely monitoring and surveying the direct consumers. To have the insight of people involved in this business. To evaluate it from both a consumer and a business point of view to judge the practicability and feas ibility of this particular e-business. Background of Online Dating The online dating and its trend originated from a basic part of North American culture as the internet itself. Gradually the process and practice caught the eye of millions of people globally and hence the trend was spread. For Emily Livingston from  Match.com, one of the largest matchmaking website, the 1998 film, â€Å"You’ve got Mail†, became the inspiration and one step towards the global acceptance, as the film was a story of online romance. Talking about the native place of online dating today in North America, the membership of internet-based dating organizations are over 50 million. Refining itself over time and meeting the requirement, the service of online dating became more inclusive and sophisticated as it was a platform to initiate the relationships. Lately, the most practiced or the famous ritual was to approach someone you like through friends, bar encounters, blind dates, singles clubs , etc. Today, these practices are considered as outdated styles of the â€Å"bad old days† by many of us. In  2002, a  Wired  Magazine  article forecasted that, â€Å"Twenty years from now, the idea that someone looking for love without looking for it online will be silly, similar to skipping the card catalog to instead wander the stacks because the right books are found only by

The strategies( taxation) used to reduce tobacco related harms Essay

The strategies( taxation) used to reduce tobacco related harms - Essay Example The rationale for increased taxation of tobacco products is that higher taxes will translate into high prices for tobacco products. Proponents of this strategy opine that when tobacco products have higher prices, the demand is likely to decrease. Many countries have implemented this strategy as one of the efforts of addressing increase tobacco consumption (Cowie, Glover, & Gentles, 2014). Worth noting is the fact that tobacco consumption contributes to a remarkable percentage of deaths. For this reason, it is important to evaluate the efficiency of the taxation strategy for reducing tobacco consumption. This paper will evaluate the efficiency of the taxation strategies on tobacco consumption, relying on evidence-based research. There is evidence that taxation strategies do not contribute to a significant reduction of tobacco smoking, as this paper will highlight. As highlighted above, the rationale for increasing taxation on tobacco products is based on the fact that tobacco consumption is proving to be one of the most critical public health threats in the twenty-first century. According to future projections, the globe will register 1.6 billion smokers if effective strategies for reducing smoking are not implemented. Many countries have recognized the tobacco epidemic and are putting in measures in an effort to reduce the prevalence of tobacco consumption (Gigliotti, Figueiredo, Madruga, Marques, Pinsky, Caetano, & Laranjeira, 2014). As mentioned previously, increasing tobacco taxes is viewed as one of the best strategies that can register positive results in reducing the prevalence of tobacco consumption. The World Bank has supported the initiative of introducing increased taxes on tobacco products. Proponents of this strategy believe that it can register positive outcomes in various populations. Governments that have implemented this stra tegy also achieve associated revenue goals through

What Impact did Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court case have on Coursework

What Impact did Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court case have on the reduction of racial discrimination in America - Coursework Example ideration of the rights of every American citizen thereby overturning the discriminative legislations that existed in the country’s education system before as the discussion below portrays. The Supreme Court ruling declared that other previous laws that informed the institution of separate schools for both black and white communities null and void. Apparently, American laws sustained discrimination in every sector of the economy with the country’s education system having systematic laws banning the integration of the two communities. An 1879 Kansas law permitted the creation and operation of separate elementary schools among other educational facilities for both the whites and the blacks1. The law however did not restrict the formation and composition of the schools. This portrayed the state’s recognition of the discriminative social structure thus the creation of equally discriminative social structures. In the ruling, the Warren court made a unanimous ruling overturning such laws by stating "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal†. The ruling was fundamental since it determined that the de jure  racial segregation  was a violat ion of the Equal Protection Clause  in the country’s Fourteenth constitutional amendment. The ruling was a major success to most of the civil rights activists and the abolitionist campaigners thereby setting stage for integration of communities in the country. The plaintiffs in the case were a group of thirteen parents who instituted the case against the Board of Education in Topeka, Kansas. The parents represented twenty children who experienced various instances of racial discrimination in the city. Oliver Brown joined the case thereby becoming the main plaintiff in the case after deliberation with the other thirteen parents. Apparently, Brown’s daughter Linda studied at Monroe Elementary school situated about two kilometer away2. The young girl would walk for more than six blocks before boarding a bus to

Martin Luther King Jr.'s Letter from Birmingham Jail Essay

Martin Luther King Jr.'s Letter from Birmingham Jail - Essay Example It is needless to say that racial discrimination was one of the ancient practices those were predominant in the society across the world over the ages. Though Luther King Jr. wrote the letter in response to public statement by fellow clergymen, this, however, exposed the harsh reality and inhuman practices of the time, more particularly what happened in various parts of America namely Albany, Georgia, Alabama, and Birmingham etc. Martin Luther King Jr.’s long letter had very categorically pointed out and justified the importance of his presence in Birmingham. He also made it clear that he, though often referred as â€Å"outsiders coming in†, came down to Birmingham with a great pledge of eradicating injustice, as the prophets of 18th century B.C. traveled far in order to propagate the truths of Bible. In the first place, while answering the statement of the clergymen, he defends his actions in Birmingham by saying that it was the city that experienced a thorough segregation and became famous for the wide brutality it saw. Negroes were subject to inhuman treatment in the court. They were the vulnerable sections whose houses and churches were destroyed by bombs. It was but obvious that racial injustice engulfed these people most. These were the brutal facts, most savage of its kind. Being at this crucial juncture and being exposed to the most barbaric practices of the time. Negro leaders tried to negotiate with the city fathers but these fathers refused to negotiate. These people had an opportunity to talk to the leaders of Birmingham Economic Community, promises were made, but which however resulted in the end in broken promise. Luther Jr.’s chief object was to fight for those people which in his own word â€Å"I am in Birmingham because injustice is here† (King). In his long letter King Jr. raised some questions about the timing and prudence of his action and he

Diverse Workforce Essay Example for Free

Diverse Workforce Essay Diversity means variety of something such as opinion, color, or style. It means discrepancy between two objects being compared. When workforce is combined, then it means different kind of workers working in the same company or industry. The differences or discrepancy can be laid in terms of age, sex, education, styles, race and others. Diverse workforce can be seen when a company has workers that have different roles, characters, profession, department, culture, color, race, and other criteria. In an automobile company, there are engineers, accountants, sales representatives, mechanics and other kind of personnel. This kind of setting shows how diverse workforce is being implemented by a company. For this paper, the objective is to explore and analyze the value of diversity of workforce. Specifically, the paper will determine the value of diversity in a restaurant and bar setting. The paper will try to justify if diverse workforce will be advantageous in the said industry. Diverse Workforce There are many companies that implement diverse workforce. One of these companies is McDonalds. McDonalds is the worlds community restaurant. According to the management of the company, they are proud of their long-standing commitment to a workforce that is diverse. They believe that development and maintenance of diverse workforce will lead to the strengthening of the McDonalds system. Moreover, the company emphasize that diversity at McDonalds includes the understanding, recognizing and valuing the differences that make each person unique. In diverse workforce, the company will able to foster innovation and creativity to better meet the needs of our diverse staff and guest base. The said workers settings will lead to sustain a competitive advantage, thus there must be a continuance to improve the productivity of our workforce by creating an inclusive environment where all staff members contribute fully and stay committed to serving and expanding the communities. Companies thought that in diverse workforce, every worker are having the chance to learn one another (Friedman, 2008). Diverse workforce environment will encourages inclusion, as it adds value to the given company or organization. The value is evident in every aspect of the organization: new ideas and perspectives, motivation, buy-in, retention and new sources of talent. Diverse workforce environment recognizes the value of a business environment that embraces individual differences, including those among our guests, employees, business partners and all others in the communities in which it operates, and is committed in creating and maintaining such an environment. This commitment is based upon the recognition and belief that diversity is critical to our ability to excel in an increasingly diverse and dynamic marketplace But what are the reasons why companies and industries tend to implement diverse workforce? It is evident that almost companies employee workers that have the same classification, meaning if a company is automobile manufacturing in nature, then it will employee more mechanical engineers because they are the one who are more specialize in this kind of industry. From the given statement, we can state that companies that does not implement diverse workforce has specific workers or they are specialize in their given profession while those who are not have general workforce (Chatman, 1998). People live in an age of knowledge, and firms that succeed are those that are best able to harness the collective knowledge of their employees. The collective knowledge of any group is enhanced by including people with different experiences and backgrounds. The knowledge of a homogeneous group consisting of, say, 100 white males with similar backgrounds remind one of the remarks often made about someone’s so-called vast experience (Chatman, 1998). Diverse Workforce Advantages (Detailed) For this part of the paper, detailed analysis will be done to explore the advantages of diverse workforce in a restaurant or bar business setting. When you care for a diverse population, a multicultural workforce can only strengthen costumer care quality. When someone wants to put up a restaurant or bar, that person must consider that his or her costumer consist of different people from different countries. This is an important factor as it widens the possible costumer of the said business. Thus, the products and services offered must be able to cater all possible costumers. For this, the kitchen part of a bar will hold big responsibility in achieving this goal. The kitchen must consist of workers with different duties and responsibilities. Every worker in the kitchen must have a specialization, meaning that there will be cooks, dishwashers, waiter and other roles. The cooks must have a wide range of expertise, meaning that they will not concentrate only in one menu, but must consider the variety of costumers to be able to serve what the costumer wants. The cooks must be from different countries because it combines the individual knowledge and experience to make up a better cook group. It is important to consider that individuals with different backgrounds, different ideas, and different life experiences will strengthen the team they belong. Because the proposed restaurant and bar must cater all walks of life, then there is a need of diverse workforce. This is because every idea of the workers will somehow create an opportunity to share their opinions to have higher quality food and services. The setting of the tables and chairs is one issue to be settled. The formation of tables and chairs must attract possible costumers to increase profit. But to have a better presentation of the chairs and tables, every personnel must have an opinion on to what is the best presentation of the chairs and tables (Tsui et al, 1992). Every worker will have different style and preference in connection with the arrangement of chairs and tables. With this, the owner must integrate all the opinions and will come up with a good formation (Stata, 1989). Politeness in the workplace must be expected and is imposed externally by any organization wishing to remain competitive. It is important to consider that there is a variation in culture of the workers thus they will have different traits and qualities when working. But there is higher level of success that emerges from harnessing the power of mutual respect and cross-cultural understanding. Mutual respect must spring from the internal structures of each individual. For this to truly capture the culture of the organization this must cascade down from the senior leadership to every level of the organization enhancing creativity, productivity and an emotionally safe environment (Wong, 2008). Another way where the advantage of using diverse workforce is seen is Conclusion After analyzing diverse workforce in a restaurant and bar business setting, the paper suggest that indeed diverse workforce has the reputation for integrity, quality and innovation and this will depends on the ability to transform the diverse experiences, perspectives and ideas of the employees into outstanding and high quality food serving catering services. As a concluding statement, two heads are better than one. The said statement can be applied in the main topic as it discusses the advantages of using diverse workforce over a homogenous workforce setting. It’s like a spider that has eight hand but all these hands work together to achieve something. Working in a diverse workforce environment makes bigger and challenges everyones business world. Gender, race, generational issues and other layers cause all to take a brand new look at personal prejudices and narrow-mindedness. At the same time, each new layer provides another wonderful opportunity to seek to understand before seeking to be understood. References: Friedman, H. H. (2008). Workplace Diversity: The Key to Survival Growth. Brooklyn College of the City University of New York Chatman, J. A. , J. T. Polzer, S. G. Barsade, and M. A. Neale (1998). â€Å"Being Different Yet Feeling Similar: The Influence of Demographic Composition and Organizational Culture on Work Processes and Outcomes. † Administrative Science Quarterly, vol.43, 749-780. Stata, R. (1989). Organizational Learning The Key to Management Innovation, Sloan Management Review, Spring, 63-74. Tsui, A S. , T. D. Egan, and C. A. O’Reilly III (1992). â€Å"Being Different: Relational Demography and Organizational Attachment. † Administrative Science Quarterly, vol. 37, 549 – 579. Wong, H. A. (2008). Best practices in Diversity strategies and initiatives. National Diversity Conference, H Z Wong Associates Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Impact of Employee Retention Essay Example for Free

Impact of Employee Retention Essay Griffeth Hom (2001) have argued that employee turnover is assuming crisis proportions for many employers who struggle to retain people in the tightest labour market. Griffeth Hom (2001, Pg 1) 52% of companies report that their turnover is increasing and quit rates are running high of 1.1% a month.† Turnover can be a real problem in many organisations. Companies spend a great deal of time and money recruiting and training employees and the cost of replacing staff members lost through turnover are great. The monetary cost of replacing one employee is generally estimated to range from 50 percent to 200 percent of the annual salary for the position, and may even be higher in very specialized fields. Furthermore, poor employee retention can have a negative impact on workplace productivity, job satisfaction, and also on the overall morale of the organisation. It is proven that a high turnover percentage can cost employers a great deal of financial distress. Depending on the size of the company, to many employers it can make the difference in staying or going out of business. Phillips (2003,Pg 4) noted that, â€Å"of late employee retention has captured the attention of the business, financial, and executive community as a critically important strategic issue that can have a dramatic effect on productivity and profits.† Cascio, 2000 and Johnson,1995 cited in Griffeth Hom, Retaining Valued Employees (2001), are of the opinion that, human resources professionals and researchers project that the cost of one turnover incidence ranges from between 93% to 200% of a leavers salary, depending on his or her skill and level of job responsibility. Labour turnover has a negative impact on the organizations. Although every manager and team member is aware of problems associated with high turnover, a review of its foremost consequences puts employee retention in the appropriate perspective. Patricia (2002, pg 4, 5) noted that â€Å"employee turnover has a serious impact on organisations. Firstly high financial costs, which is both in terms of direct and indirect costs and the performance of companies has been inhibited in many ways by high turnover rates. Sometimes the costs alone causes turnover to become a critical strategic issue. Secondly, in terms of survival as an issue, where in a tight labour market in which the company depends on having employees with critical skills, recruiting and retaining the appropriate talent can determine the success or failure of the organisation. Thirdly in terms of productivity loses and workflow interruptions , where an employee who quits abruptly not only leaves a productivity gap but also causes problems for others on the same team and within the same flow of work. Fourthly in terms of loss of know-how especially with regards to knowledge industry, where a departing employee may have the critical knowledge and skills needed for working with specific software. This can be a negative impact at least in the short run. Fifthly, turnover can have a serious impact on the image of the organisations.† Patricia (2002) also noted that some of the other impacts of turnover on organisations may be with regards to loss of business opportunities, administrative problems, disruption of social and communication networks, and job satisfaction of remaining employees. Patricia (2002) noted that it is important to remember that turnover can have a negative impact on the individual, particularly if an employee is leaving because of problems that could have been prevented. Furthermore, Patricia (2002) noted that a voluntary turnover because of problems that could have been avoided creates a variety of consequences such as loss of employee benefits or job seniority, financial difficulties, loss of social network, relocation costs, wasted efforts and uncompleted projects, and even more in terms of career problems. Branham (2005) noted that employees quit because of the disengagement process and deliberation process. Branham (2005) also noted that there are 7 reasons as to why employees leave organisations. They are as follows: 1. The job or the workplace was not expected. 2. The mismatch between job and person. 3. Very little coaching and feedback. 4. Few growth and advancement opportunities. 5. Feeling devalued and unrecognised. 6. Stress from overwork and work-life imbalance. 7. Loss of trust and confidence in senior leaders. There is no set level of employee turnover that determines at what point turnover starts to have a negative impact on an organisations performance. Everything depends on the type of labour markets in which you compete. Where it is relatively easy to find and train new employees quickly and at relatively little cost (that is where the labour market is loose), it is possible to sustain high quality levels of service provision despite having a high turnover rate. By contrast, where skills are relatively scarce, where recruitment is costly or where it takes several weeks to fill a vacancy, turnover is likely to be problematic for the organisation. This is especially true of situations in which you are losing staff to direct competitors or where customers have developed relationships with individual employees. Some employee turnover positively benefits organisations. This happens when a poor performer is replaced by a more productive employee, and can happen when a senior retirement allows the promotion or acquisition of welcome fresh blood. The more valuable the employees in question the more damaging the resignation, particularly when they move on to work for competitors. Moderate levels of staff turnover can also help to reduce staff costs in organisations where business levels are unpredictable month on month. When business is slack it is straightforward to hold off filling recently created vacancies for some weeks. Staw (1980 cited in Griffeth and Hom (2002), argues that turnover is not always bad. For instance, vacating employees or employees who quit can increase promotional opportunities for other employees or can infuse new ideas and technologies when new employees replace those who left. Dalton, Krackhardt and Porter (1981cited in Griffeth and Hom (2002), are of the opinion that certain kinds of jobs exits or quits among marginal perfor mers are even desirable. Abelson Bay singer (1994, cited in Griffeth and Hom (2002) that a certain quit rate might be tolerated as a cost of doing business in a particular industry. Stephen Taylor (2002, Pg 15) noted that for many HR specialists, rising staff turnover is seen as being an important organisational problem. It follows that improving retention rates should be high on the management agenda, and it is proper for resources to be devoted to achieving this aim. However a certain amount of turnover is actively welcomed by many managers. â€Å"Nonetheless, Griffeth Hom (2001) have noticed that organisational-level research and corporate studies report that high exit rates generally worsen organisational effectiveness. Though there are diverse opinions from various authors, and taking the above argument into consideration, it is clear that employees play a fundamental role in the success of any organisation and therefore by retaining talented or rather key employees is a very important task that the managers should undertake. Phillips Connell (2002) noted that, some organisations do a superb job of managing retention, whereas others fail miserably. The issues are not always externally driven but often lie within the organisation.

Risks and Challenges to Young People on the Internet

Risks and Challenges to Young People on the Internet Children on the Internet Overview: Nowadays, the internet has become a fundamental facial expression of our lives over recent epoch years and its becoming integral part of our life also its considered as an increasing role of todays culture , especially for children and teenagers, opening us up to a whole globe of knowledge. For whom school work, online gaming, social networking, entertainment and communication are among the most popular activities. However, the lack of common concord about the right overture to educating and protecting children adds further challenges to kid’s online experience and reflection. Additionally, cultural and geographical differences in legal and social norms reflect the fact that there is no universally accepted view of what defines a person as a child or what is appropriate for children, making inappropriate content and behavior difficult to recognize. â€Å"While some online crimes are cross-border in nature and so require global attention, at a national level, policy approaches to regulating content have so far predominantly employed a range of filtering techniques to limit access to or block Internet content[1]. The Internet can be a risky spot for the unwary, particularly children, containing undesired contact includes harassment, cyberbullying, stalking etc. In the meantime, most of the parents are worried about the dangers their children could face on the internet. The most important challenge for all parents is to teach themselves and their youngsters about how to utilize the Internet securely. On the other hand, to help kids maximizing the Internets benefits and minimizing the risks parents should teach their kids to stay safe online and should only make contact with people they already know and not reveal personal information about themselves online without a parent’s permission, includes their full name, email address, postal address, phone number, photo, school address etc.In addition, parents should remain in near touch with their children as they explore the internet to keep them safe and one of the most popular solutions is to install safety software on the parents computer so that they can restrict their child’s online activities to approved websites. History and Background: Almost 40 years ago, the US Defense Department first set the stage for the Internet with a network that was called ARPANET. This was a research program that was begun to discover new ways to link different networks together for government and scientific use[2]. What they hoped to develop was a method of communicating information packets among many computers at the same time. By years this networks get larger with more developed methods and protocols and the networks that resulted became known by the shortened form, the â€Å"Internet†. Now a days, internet is available everywhere and its one of the important things that life cant complete without it makes our life more easier and fast. But in the other hand, everything have the dark side and problems. In this case we are interested in the children and the effect of the internet on them. Children use Internet for many needs such as educational, entertainment and social media needs. Many organizations been published for serving safe internet for children for example: Childrens Internet Protection Act (CIPA) that been signed into law on December 21, 2000[3], they use Internet filters and implement other measures to protect children from harmful online content. Issue selection: Availability of not appropriate material on internet. Contact with Strangers people (who seek to abuse children) Privacy risks from game sites Availability of not appropriate material on internet: Firstly, the meaning of children: are the people under the age of fifteen years old and here we mean by the Not appropriate materials: is a material which is unsuitable for children generally. From multiple points of view the Internet is similar to a huge library, both have substance to teach and entertain, Furthermore, like the substance in a library, not all Internets content is appropriate for children. Libraries create children’s and youthful adults’ sections in order to help youths and their parents to distinguish which materials are fitting for them. However, on the internet, all of the not appropriate content may be equally accessible for all different ages. Arguments: There is a general opinion refers to benefit of governments action of filtering internet of inappropriate material: â€Å"Researchers at the Oxford Internet Institute recognition of the benefits of the control of information on the Internet and Web is certainly feasible, and technological advances do not therefore guarantee greater freedom of speech.(UNESCO,2010)[4] These some opinions support the previous opinion: â€Å"Governments should filter and censor explicit or profane websites, since there is currently very little that prevents children from accessing these sites. ( Efrain). Childrens Internet Protection Act (CIPA): requires that K-12 schools and libraries in the United States use Internet filters and implement other measures to protect children from harmful online content as a condition for federal funding(United States Supreme Court on June 23, 2003). Counter arguments: There is a general opinion advocated for eliminate of governments action of filtering internet of inappropriate material: Father of the Internet Vint Cerf stated that he sees government control of the Internet failing because the Web is almost entirely privately owned (November, 2007)[4] These some opinions support the previous opinion: Human rights denied it is simply a basic human right guaranteed bill of rights to every citizen. The government should not censor the Internet no matter the content because it infringes upon free speech. Analyses: Social Contract Theory: Action: Governments is filtering the internet of inappropriate content. Agents: Citizens, governments. Rights: Free of speech right. Analysis: is it logically acceptable? No the government cant catch everything on internet, people have the right to free speech, government could block non-pornographic web pages that contain scientific facts just because of using similar words. its violating one of the rights so, (The action is wrong.) Rule Utilitarianism: Proposed Rule: Every government is filtering the internet of inappropriate content. Benefit: Less number of children will be exposed to unwanted or harmful materials. More parents will be relief if their childs use the internet. Harms: Some of the non-pornographic sites is filtered Conclusion: The weights of benefits exceed the harms. So the action right. Our opinion In this issue we prefer that government establish a filtering to inappropriate material. Because we see this as the right action that could protect many children and childhood around the world. Contact with Strangers people (who seek to abuse children): Firstly, the meaning of Strangers : is who is neither a friend nor an acquaintance. Abuse and neglect are forms of maltreatment of a child. Somebody may abuse or neglect a child by inflicting harm or by failing to act to prevent harm. Children may be abused by those known to them or more rarely, by a stranger for example, via the internet. They may be abused by an adult or adults, or another child or children. [3] Arguments: This application support contacting children with strangers: whatsApp application don’t ask about the age, as Koum said: We designed our system to be as anonymous as possible. Were not advertisement-driven so we dont need personal databases so they don’t give attention to children that may be abused from strangers [7] Counter arguments: Application advocated for eliminate of contacting children with strangers many social application in App Store take into account the age of the user , as the apple review guidelines mentions :Apps may ask for date of birth (or use other age-gating mechanisms) only for the purpose of complying with applicable childrens privacy statutes, but must include some useful functionality or entertainment value regardless of the users age [8] Analyses: Kantianism Theory: 1st Formulation: Action: social applications ask the user about his/her age to protect children from strangers. Proposed Rule: every social application ask the user about his/her age. Analysis: is logically acceptable? Yes, parents will feel secure to let their children use internet without being abused. And its not annoying thing for singles. (The action is right) 2nd Formulation: Goal (end): Protecting children from strangers. Mean: there is no mean to end. Analysis: as long there is no mean to end. (The action is right). Social Contract Theory: Agents: user, application provider Rights: asking about the user age doesnt conflict the user privacy as long as its not asking about real name, ID and another detail information. (The action is right) Our opinion: it is Moral for social applications to ask the user about his/her age to protect children from strangers because in the end our first care and matter is to serve a save internet environment that is clean from abusing and neglect children. Privacy risks from game sites: Online gaming has attracted lots of children over the past years. People spend allot of time in front of their computers playing their favorite games. Therefore, Privacy considered as one of the most complex legal issues that faceour society, many sites, such as sties that is interested in a gaming and playing games have little interest in actively profiling their users or discovering personal information about them However, these sites will often collect significant amounts of personal data that may trigger liability risks. Moreover, A lot of choices exist in today’s online gaming environment, most allow players to create online identities as game identifier and most of the game sites take the advantage of these information in real world for example selling these personal information in market. Arguments: Online Gaming has become a major source of entertainment and revenue generation by inventing a fishing ground for online predators and malicious hackers to gain more illicit profit from targeting the children (Hayes, 2008).[5] â€Å"A survey conducted by Federal Trade Commission (FTC) in 1998 supporting that 89% of websites targeted children to collect personal information (Sandwig, 2003).[5] Counter arguments: Children should also be encouraged to interact and discuss with their parents, the various issues they face while accessing internet and especially while giving private information to any personal or organization[6] and parent should also take the full responsibility of using their children the game sites that require filling personal information. Analyses: Kantianism Theory: 1st Formulation: Action: Games sites sell the chilled personal information to third-party partners. Proposed Rule: Every online games sties ask children for extensive personal and family information for marketing purposes. Analysis: is it logically acceptable? No, its totally not acceptable because these websites are taking the advantage of naivety of children to collect their personal information without their parent permeation, so the action is wrong. 2nd Formulation: Goal (end): Profiteering from the personal information of the children. Mean: yes, they use the child naivety as a means to their end which is selling the personal information and take benefit from it. Social Contract Theory: Agent: Game site creator- children. Right: They violated the privacy right which is considered as prudential right, so the action is wrong. Our opinion: In this issue is that we consider it as not moral because no one have the right to expose someone personal information or use it in any way. Summary and Conclusion: As conclusion, we believe that everything in world has good and bad side but its also deepened on the way that how people use it or how people can take the maximum advantages form it. When considering potential benefits and harms of children using the internet, the parents will be the most responsible to be on the positive impacts on children’s learning and take the ability and teach their children how to take responsibility and use the internet in way that will return benefit to them. Finally, we agree that using the internet can benefit children’s education and social development, but children sometimes will be in risk of exposing to inappropriate material that is hateful, or violent in nature, or encourages activities that are dangerous or illegal, However, can we arrange to have benefits without risks of using children the internet, like we mention above its all depend on the parents in the first place and how they will going to take the full responsibility their children. References: [1] internetsociety . (Feb 8, 2014).Children and the Internet.Available: http://www.internetsociety.org/sites/default/files/bp-childrenandtheinternet-20129017-en.pdf [2] The kid’s wendo. (Sept 2000) history of the internet. Available:  http://www.thekidswindow.co.uk/News/Internet_History.htm [3]  Wikipedia . (Paris, 2011). Childrens Internet Protection Act.Available:  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childrens_Internet_Protection_Act [4] Wikipedia . (Jaeger, 2009).Internet censorship.Available:  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_censorship#cite_note-UNESCO-2011-3 [5] North Yorkshire Safeguarding Children Board (May, 2014).What is child abuse.Available:  http://www.safeguardingchildren.co.uk/section-1.html [6] UKessays. (April, 2012).Children On The Internet Media Essay.  Available:  http://www.ukessays.com/essays/media/children-on-the-internet-media-essay.php [7] Epic (Federal Trade Commission March 6, 2014) In the Matter of WhatsApp, Inc. .Available:  https://epic.org/privacy/ftc/whatsapp/WhatsApp-Complaint.pdf [8] Apple . (April, 2014). Available:  https://developer.apple.com/app-store/review/

The Poetry of Emily Dickinson Essay example -- Personal Response Essay

Emily Dickinson has always been one of my favorite poets. I love her poems because of the pain and sorrow they contain to which I can easily relate. She often writes of funerals and death. I myself have watched too many friends die and have wondered why God would let this happen. At every funeral, some well meaning mourner would say--,"The Lord called him" or "She's with Jesus now." My gut reaction was always, "Bullshit." Then Emily Dickinson's poem "My Life Closed Twice Before its Close" would come to mind, especially the last two lines--,"Parting is all we know of Heaven and all we need of hell." More than anything I've ever heard those lines summarize the doubts I've had about an afterlife and the pain of those left behind. My friend Molly Moynahan, recently wrote a novel and titled it Parting is all We Know of Heaven. The book opens with Dickinson's poem in its entirety. It is the story of a young woman whose life is destroyed by grief following her sister's death. I too have been at the point where grief combined with my own stupidity (drugs and alcohol) almost destroyed my life. My best friend since childhood killed herself by eating 56 valium pills. Her suicide note said that she was too ashamed of herself to face her family anymore. Her parents didn't even bother to come to her funeral. We had to take up a collection in the bar to bury her. Two weeks later another good friend choked to death on his own vomit. His three year old daughter found him the next morning. I was overwhelmed with guilt when I realized I had been drinking with him the night before. To this day when I see his wife and children at the supermarket, I can't look them in the face. Within the next two months I lost three other friends t... ... we discussed in class the tradition among New England Puritans of looking in the face of the dead and reading their emotions to determine whether or not they were going to heaven. I've thought about this a lot since I've found God and I hope that it isn't true. Everyone I've known has died a horrible death. They were all cut down in the prime of their lives--face down in their own vomit, on the cold, dirty floor of a bathroom, decapitated in a car wreck, in a crowded AIDS ward in a city hospital. None of them had a chance to make their peace with God or with themselves for that matter. I'm sure none of them died looking content or peaceful but terrified and at best surprised. Therefore I would like to believe that hell is all that has gone on here in this life and that after the parting there is a heaven where those who suffered on earth are given a second chance. The Poetry of Emily Dickinson Essay example -- Personal Response Essay Emily Dickinson has always been one of my favorite poets. I love her poems because of the pain and sorrow they contain to which I can easily relate. She often writes of funerals and death. I myself have watched too many friends die and have wondered why God would let this happen. At every funeral, some well meaning mourner would say--,"The Lord called him" or "She's with Jesus now." My gut reaction was always, "Bullshit." Then Emily Dickinson's poem "My Life Closed Twice Before its Close" would come to mind, especially the last two lines--,"Parting is all we know of Heaven and all we need of hell." More than anything I've ever heard those lines summarize the doubts I've had about an afterlife and the pain of those left behind. My friend Molly Moynahan, recently wrote a novel and titled it Parting is all We Know of Heaven. The book opens with Dickinson's poem in its entirety. It is the story of a young woman whose life is destroyed by grief following her sister's death. I too have been at the point where grief combined with my own stupidity (drugs and alcohol) almost destroyed my life. My best friend since childhood killed herself by eating 56 valium pills. Her suicide note said that she was too ashamed of herself to face her family anymore. Her parents didn't even bother to come to her funeral. We had to take up a collection in the bar to bury her. Two weeks later another good friend choked to death on his own vomit. His three year old daughter found him the next morning. I was overwhelmed with guilt when I realized I had been drinking with him the night before. To this day when I see his wife and children at the supermarket, I can't look them in the face. Within the next two months I lost three other friends t... ... we discussed in class the tradition among New England Puritans of looking in the face of the dead and reading their emotions to determine whether or not they were going to heaven. I've thought about this a lot since I've found God and I hope that it isn't true. Everyone I've known has died a horrible death. They were all cut down in the prime of their lives--face down in their own vomit, on the cold, dirty floor of a bathroom, decapitated in a car wreck, in a crowded AIDS ward in a city hospital. None of them had a chance to make their peace with God or with themselves for that matter. I'm sure none of them died looking content or peaceful but terrified and at best surprised. Therefore I would like to believe that hell is all that has gone on here in this life and that after the parting there is a heaven where those who suffered on earth are given a second chance.

The Seven Spiritual Weapons :: essays research papers

When people give their lives to Christ Jesus their hearts are changed and their soul becomes alive with the Holy Spirit. Once a life is saved, is life relaxed and easy for it is saved from the pit of hell? Of course not, Christians are faced with temptations from Satan and his demons. Temptations are brought upon us for us to make the choice of whether or not to fall into temptation or not. In the book The Seven Spiritual Weapons, Catherine of Bologna lists seven spiritual weapons to conquer enemies of God. These seven tools are to enhance our personal walk with Jesus Christ. Catherine wrote this work in fear of divine condemnation. She felt if she was silent about the delights of others she would be condemned. She felt it was her spiritual duty to do God's will and to encourage her fellow sisters of the monastery to fight the enemies of God. The first spiritual weapon Catherine describes is Zeal, that is solicitude in doing good. God condemns those that are lukewarm and negligent in the way of God. Enemies will see people doing good and will try to corrupt them by persuading them to do too much. Catherine reveals that there is as much danger in too much as in too little. People may try to do good deeds and wind up performing them in excess of what is good for the glory of God. 'So exercise all the virtues in proper measure that the weapon of true and diligent discretion may be exercised by us for our salvation and for the praise of Christ.'; Catherine portrays that it is very important for people to practice all virtues with discretion, for as to not over do it. The Holy Spirit inspires good inspirations in people, and then leaves the choice for each person to make and act upon. We must not let the time the Holy Spirit has given us pass by without the choice being made to follow Christ Jesus. Catherine's second spiritual weapon is Mistrust of Self. She describes this as believing that no one can do anything good by oneself, without the help of Christ Jesus. Do not trust in yourself for you shall surely fall to the enemy. It is in a person's nature to try to do things by his or herself, but the Lord says, 'Without me you can do nothing'; (Jo 15:5).

Robert E. Lee :: essays research papers

The idol of the South to this day, Virginian Robert E. Lee had some difficulty in adjusting to the new form of warfare that unfolded with the Civil war, but this did not prevent him from keeping the Union armies in Virginia at bay for almost three years. The son of Revolutionary War hero "Light Horse" Harry Lee-who fell into disrepute in his later years attended West Point and graduated second in his class. During his four years at the military academy he did not earn a single demerit and served as the cadet corps' adjutant. Upon his 1829 graduation he was posted to the engineers. Before the Mexican War he served on engineering projects in Georgia, Virginia, and New York. During the war he served on the staffs of John Wool and Winfield Scott. Particularly distinguishing himself scouting for and guiding troops, he won three brevets and was slightly wounded at Chapultepec. Following a stint in Baltimore Harbor he became superintendent of the military academy in 1852. When the mounted arm was expanded in 1855, Lee accepted the lieutenant colonelcy of the 2nd Cavalry in order to escape from the painfully slow promotion in the engineers. Ordered to western Texas, he served with his regiment until the 1857 death of his father-in-law forced him to ask for a series of leaves to settle the estate. In 1859 he was called upon to lead a force of marines, to join with the militia on the scene, to put an end to John Brown's Harper's Ferry Raid. Thereafter he served again in Texas until summoned to Washington in 1861 by Winfield Scott who tried to retain Lee in the U. S. service. But the Virginian rejected the command of the Union's field forces on the day after Virginia seceded. He then accepted an invitation to visit Governor John Letcher in Virginia. His resignation as colonel, 1st Cavalry-to which he had recently been promoted-was accepted on April 25, 1861. His Southern assignments included: major general, Virginia's land and naval forces (April 23, 1861); commanding Virginia forces (April 23 July 1861); brigadier general, CSA (May 14, 186 1); general, CSA (from June 14, 186 1); commanding Department of Northwestern Virginia (late July-October 1861); commanding Department of South Carolina, Georgia and Florida (November 8, 186 1-March 3, 1862); and commanding Army of Northern Virginia June 1, 1862-April 9, 1865). In charge of Virginia's fledgling military might, he was mainly involved in organizational matters. As a Confederate brigadier general, and later full general, he was in charge of supervising all Southern forces in Virginia. In the first summer of the war he was given his first field command in

Challange Faced by University Students Essay

Education is the most important aspect of learning for every generation established in every mode. In university there are different field of studies with different years of each program. It is obvious that new students are going to face further challenges in university. In this case, these challenges could be the burden which can pull them out of the school without completing their studies. This essay will discuss these challenges in condition of financial, social, and academic. To begin with, financial problems are a major challenge for university students includes tuition fee, rent expenses, and text books. Tuition fee is the most common challenge for these students. Though, for some they only take one or two units per semester because of financial problems. The high costs of fee causes many problems for those who are not sponsored. Besides, fee expenses for each semester cost of thousands of dollars. So, tuition fee is a great burden for the unsponsored students. Furthermore, text books are the most essential property students must have in university. First year students also suffered in buying text books regarding to financial problem. Those who are not sponsored are suffered the most on the high cost of these books. Another challenge is that some of them have not enough money in a pocket. But in this case, such challenges can create lot of troubles in their minds throughout their time in the university. Moreover, rent is also a challenge for these students. These students might live in different hostels where some are cheap but isolated from the campus, and some are nearby the campus but expensive. It is better to live nearby the campus for new students to avoid troubles. However, they have problem with monthly rent where it is expensive but must be cleared. Another reason is based on a small amount of their allowance which cannot meet their expenses on rent and others. However, these financial challenges make them concern the most. Another major†¦ [continues].

Case Study Internal Control

Luz Dary Palomino 21 Pennsylvania Ave. Apt #6 Brooklyn, NY 11207 ————————————————- Tel: 718-793-0615 Email: [email  protected] com Cell: 347-742-6310 Chemical Analyst Technician Seven years of progressively responsible experience in food analysis in addition to environmental issues; Combines excellent technical, analytical and technical qualifications with demonstrated achievement in delivering projects on time. Degree in Chemical Technology Work ExperienceLaro, Services, NY 03 – 00/ 07 House Keeping – Office Cleaning * Maintained premises clean and in orderly condition; Obtained list of offices to be cleaned; Cleaned hallways, lobbies, lounges, rest rooms, elevators and other work areas; Vacuum cleaned rugs, carpets, using absorption system; Spot cleaned detail corners and hard to reach areas; Dusted furniture and equipment; Polished metalwork, such as fixt ures and fittings; Removed smudges and spills with damp sponge from walls and light switches; Transported trash and waste to disposal area.Giorgo, Cali Colombia01-95 – 05-98 Office, Accounting – Archives – Secretary * Handled the Accounting Department activities daily; Processed payments and collections; Oversaw all office duties and responsibilities in a timely matter; Verifies and certified documents and maintained files in order; Maintained inventory records and financial information. University Of Valley, Cali Colombia09-90 – 11-95 Quality Control – Chemical Analyst * Responsible for running processes and quality control; Took samples, nalyzed plant materials, and performed environmental analysis; Conducted quality analysis of food products, * Collected and analyzed raw waste, performed chemical, biological, and physical analysis and maintained a through knowledge of the composition of drinking and ground waters; domestic wastewater; industrial influents and effluents; and soils and sediments. * Perform standard and non-standard tests such as Viscosity, pH, and COAG analysis, including fat content analysis of food products; Analyzed heavy metals; Conducted chemical analysis on products for government submission and approval; Prepared detailed reports Accomplishment In depth waste water chemical analysis oriented towards the drainage of a large lake in a state of decomposition by the introduction of oxygen. DBO City of Cali Municipal Management. Cali, Colombia04-89 – 05-90 Quality Control – Research Investigations Baltman & CO. , Cali, Colombia01-88 – 02-89 Lab Auxiliary – Chemical Analyst * Processed and finished products. * Conducted Quality Control EDUCATION La Guardia Community College – ESL – 05-present University Of Valley, Cali Colombia – Degree: Chemical Technology University Of Valley, Cali Colombia – Nursery Eustaquio Palacio, Cali Colombia – High Sch ool Security Guard license

Reasons for Ethical Standards in the workplace Essay

Ethical standards guide individuals and the company to act in an honest and trustworthy manner in all interactions. These standards should encourage employees to make the right decisions for the company, not the individual, and give them the courage to come forward should they notice dishonest and unethical behavior. Company programs focused on ethics help lay out company standards and expected practices as they relate to ethical behavior and decisions. This can include providing clear guidance on common ethical dilemmas, such as using the phone at work for personal long-distance calls or using company software programs for personal projects. Management often sets the tone for expected ethical behavior and actions in the workplace. The actions and behaviors of management, and other senior staff, help steer departments and employees toward proper and accepted business practices. Part of this responsibility includes enforcing rules, guidelines and policies fairly and equally across all levels of the organization. Managers may also be tasked with helping employees navigate ethical dilemmas and solving difficult situations to keep the corporation on the right path. It’s very difficult to define ethics in the workplace. Generally,â€Å"being ethical† involves conducting yourself in accordance with accepted principles of right and wrong. Ethics is a matter of using integrity-based decision-making procedures to guide your decisions and actions. In the workplace, being ethical may involve acting morally right, being honest, not cheating your employer, co-workers, or customers, not stealing from from the supply closet, and generally treating your co-workers well Other ethical situations may involve harassment, inappropriate use of the Internet, outside-of-work activities, etc. If your workplace lacks ethical standards, your employer risks losing valuable employees and customers and possibly even more Federal laws impose heavier penalties on employers Some of the primary forms of employee misconduct or unethical behavior include the following: ââ€"† Misrepresenting time or hours worked; ââ€"† Lying to supervisors; ââ€"† Lying to co-workers, customers, vendors, or the public; ââ€"† Misuse of your employer’s assets; and ââ€"† Lying on reports or falsifying records. As you can see, there is a widespread need for ethics in your workplace. A code of ethics can provide guidelines for your

Hamlet’s Tragedy

Hamlet is authentically absorbing and perceptive play, which explores the importance of truth in language and the variables which order truth begins in Shakespeare's work. Shakespeare has amazing ways illustrating throughout the play, the development of the importance of the conflicts of idealism and truth. Shakespeare uses his main character of the play, Hamlet, to demonstrate the idea that individuals make accomplishing goals priority in their lives, but also must keep in mind that not everything we wish for will be accomplished. Shakespeare sets the bar high for his character, Hamlet to achieve. Shakespeare does this to illustrate the idea that individuals with high expectations will strive and work harder towards their goals. Moreover, idealism and truth are two qualities in which the practice of forming and pursuing ideals and the quality of being true exists in correlation. Although both expressions may be interpreted to be similar, in many ways and situations often put these two terms in juxtaposition. In William Shakespeare's Hamlet, Shakespeare suggests that idealism and truth can often have a significant impact on an individual's life through the presentation of truth and experience. Readers, discover what the absolute meaning of truth and idealism signify in each characters lives. However, even Hamlet, Shakespeare's main character does not meet the standards that Shakespeare expects him to. Some individuals will argue that a good sense of balance between idealism and truth will lead to success. Idealism and truth are impacted by factors of relationships, trust and balance between idealism and truth. Idealism in the test, Shakespeare appears to correlate relationships and bonds in friendships. Both play significant role in assisting to set apart friends who are ideal and genuine compared to friends who appear to be ideal, but are in truth rather disloyal subjects. Two characters that appear to be dishonest and phony in the play are Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, Hamlet's childhood friends. In many instances Rosencrantz and Guildenstern real personalities are revealed through many remarks Hamlet conveys, â€Å"†¦ it is but squeezing you, and, sponge, you/ shall be dry again†(4. 2. 19-21). This quote is very powerful and conveys the message of Rosencrantz being a false riend. The metaphoric compression of Rosencrantz to a sponge, illustrates the reader that Hamlet's friends are not there to assist him as ideal friends should, but rather they are there to reap the rewards Claudius and Gertrude were offering by informing them of Hamlet's actions and emotions. Contrary to the friendship shared between Rosencrantz, Guildenstern, and Hamlet's; Horatio appears to be an exceptionally ideal and true companion, â€Å"†¦ Let us impart what we have seen tonight/ Unto young Hamlet† (1. 1. 185-186). his particular quote is representative of Harotio's trust, honestly and endless action of friendship towards the presence and appreciation of the young Hamlet. Moreover, this is an exemplary relationship that appears to present what is often the essence and root of an ideal and true friendship in which the individuals are significantly impacted in a constructive way. Evidently, all throughout the play relationships occur to represent and develop an important role in setting a standard for ideal and true relations. Contrary to the phony friends who only appear to be both, true and ideal. Correlations between individuals greatly impact the way incidents are dealt with and resolved. Trust issues may also serve as an important role in developing an often negative significance on idealism and realism. In many situations, trust has been given by Hamlet to his two childhood friends, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. However, they have taken this form of trust and have proven to abuse it. Hamlet said, † there's letters sealed; and my two schoolfellows/ whom I trust as I will adders fanged,† (3. 4. 225-226). In the previous quote, Hamlet has made clear his perspective on what Rosencrantz and Guildenstern really meant to him. Comparing them to adders-poisonous snakes appears to emphasize that they are both after Hamlet for his downfall rather than to help aid him in getting past his father's death and depression. This metaphor proves the validity of the friendships and loss of trust is shared between Hamlet, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. The discovery of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern's true intention destroys the barrier of trust in the relationship Hamlet had shared with his two companions. Hamlet said, â€Å"†¦Let the candied tongue lick absurd pomp/ And crock the pregnant hinges of the knee† (3. 2. 64-65). In this quote, Hamlet express his feelings. For many individuals, balance is one of the important elements of life. Maintaining level of balance between idealism and truth is a huge aspect of balance in individual's lives. Shakespeare builds a strong character, Hamlet. Ham let, convoy's the idea that being idealistic is very important, but the truth about life must be recognized as well. Hamlet strives to be the best that he can be, to meet the high standards that he puts for man as an individual. Throughout the play, we learn that Hamlet is a very imbalanced individual. Hamlet's everyday life is surrounded by significant and influential people of Denmark. Even the people around Hamlet have noticed that he was a very imbalanced individual. Therefore, they kept disappointing him. Hamlet says, â€Å"And yet, to me, what is this quintessence of dust? Man delights not me: no, nor woman neither†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (2. 2. 308-309). Hamlet believes that all goal are achievable which is unrealistic. Motivation can strive the individual for success, but one must keep in mind achievement is not guaranteed. Throughout the play, Shakespeare also introduces the character Fortinbras, to provide an example of balanced individual. Fortinbras character illustrates idealism in the play, also he illustrates how he sees the world, where it has to provide assistance to himself. After Fortinbras loses his father, he goes after the land that his father lost. Fortinbars's uncle tries to change his mind about attacking Denmark, but Forinbars does not listen. Fortinbras creates a plan to attack Denmark, while he passes through Poland. Throughout the play Fortinbras illustrates great balance between the truth and idealism, where he recognizes the truth about the world , but he assures to get uses to the ideals to be sufficient. As a result, Fortinbars lives and strives towards the ideals he created for himself, but also keeps in mind that some things in life may work out differently. Therefore, individuals must create a balance between idealism and truth to keep their life going. To conclude, idealism and truth are impacted by factors of relationships, trust and balance between idealism and truth. Shakespeare express idealism and truth through his main character, Hamlet. Shakespeare sets high goals for Hamlet to achieve, to illustrate the idea that individuals with high expectations will strive and work harder towards their goals. The truth throughout the play reminds us to be realistic and that not all what we work hard for will be accomplished, and we must have a major balance between idealism and truth. Balance will create a easier path for one to live their life happily. Hamlet's play was created to send a strong message to its audience. The classic play sends an advice to its audience about how an individual should maintain a sense of balance to achieve a better life.

A Piece of Peace Essay Example for Free

A Piece of Peace Essay ? The terrorist attacks on September 11th affected more than just the lives of those in people who were the direct victims of the attacks. An entire nation was victimized and the whole nation grieved for those who suffered in New York City. As the attacks occurred I sat in my high school English class and while the teacher taught I day dreamed. It was a typical Tuesday morning and to be truthful I did not ever hear her the first time she explained the tragic events that had taken place just moments ago. I heard the word â€Å"terrorists† and the fragments of statements like â€Å"hundreds died this morning when†. Then, I could only hear my heart beat in my ears. I watched my teacher turn on the TV. She flipped through several stations. I don’t remember what I saw but I can remember what I heard. It was the sound of people crying. Over the next few months, as a nation, we followed the story as did the world. I can remember President Bush attempting to comfort the United States and telling us America would be going to war for reasons that weren’t clear to me then and certainly aren’t clear to me now. Somewhere between the night of September 10th, when I was plotting how I was going to avoid school the next morning and the night of September 11th, I grew up. When I look back on that time in my life I am left with a single haunting thought – It is the pursuit of peace which leads to destruction. Even today, years after the terrorist attacks, people still talk about how that day changed everything. I agree, in some ways. It changed me and I became something new. It changed my family. It changed how American view other Americans and how we view the rest of the world. Americans have since the birth of the nation believed that their way was the best way. Americans were shocked to find out that people hated them enough to want to kill them. September 11th forced America’s to reflect on the military, social, and political actions of America and how they effected people of other countries. Perhaps American’s are not always in the right. For example, President Bush I gave weapons to the Afghan people to win a war against Russia. When the Afghan people defeated the Russian, Afghanistan was completely destroy. American promised them they will help rebuild but they did not. That is why the terrorist were able to come into the country and making a terrorist breeding ground. I don’t think that September 11th effects the way Americans conduct their lives daily. People who say it does are feeling the pressure of guilt. Society says we must not forget, and as Americans say we won’t. As a nation the citizens learned that there is a fine line between terrorist and freedom fighter- we are just afraid to admit it and seem unamerican. Those men who ran planes into building, killed Americans and killed themselves wanted only one thing – peace. They wanted freedom from the western world and choose to die. Just as we wanted independence from England centuries ago. In looking for peace they destroyed lives, families, and shook the protected ground the United States sat on. It made the country stronger but not smarter. I am anxious over the global discord and the cultural ignorance that seems to grow between the United States and the rest of the world. The problems in Iraq foretell and may spark future clashes with a number of civilizations in the future. Just recently I drove home from work and I flipped through different radio stations. I caught the end of Bob Dylan’s â€Å"The Times They Are A-Changing†. It’s funny because that is my mom’s favorite song and I had forgotten it existed. I still can hear her sing, â€Å"Come gather ’round people Wherever you roam / And admit that the waters Around you have grown /For the times they are a-changin’†, while she tinkered around in the kitchen way before anyone else got up. I don’t know that I ever really listened to the words before. Dylan knew and my mom knew things I was just beginning to. Dylan and my mom knew â€Å"there’s a battle outside And it is ragin’† and September 11th did shake our â€Å"windows† and rattled our â€Å"walls†. As a nation it’s citizens have no right to â€Å"criticize What we [you] can’t understand† and our â€Å" sons and [y]our daughters Are beyond our [your] command† (Dylan). Our soldiers fight a war for reasons no one really knows for America that would rather criticize them then help in country that does not seem to want peace. Dylan sings about the injustice in war and that we should not be afraid to speak our minds: Come writers and critics Who prophesize with your pen And keep your eyes wide The chance won’t come again And don’t speak too soon For the wheel’s still in spin And there’s no tellin’ who That it’s namin’. For the loser now Will be later to win For the times they are a-changin’. (Dylan) Bush wants peace but for his own reasons and through those reasons American soldiers are dying, and so are the Iraqi people. It is ironic that while those terrorists die nobly but ur soldiers die in such a cruel way. McKay writes in his poem, â€Å"If We Must Die,† that people should not die for nothing or by doing nothing. That death is inevitable, especially in war, but all people must fight for the things we want in this world and hold on to life and liberty as long as we can: O kinsmen we must meet the common foe! Though far outnumbered let us show us brave, And for their thousand blows deal one deathblow! What though before us lies the open grave? Like men we’ll face the murderous, cowardly pack, Pressed to the wall, dying, but fighting back! (Claude McKay) In the summer of 2001 I was lying in my hammock and I could see a butterfly in my backyard. I remember as a child learning that caterpillars itch and go into cocoons to find peace from that. Change in a way is a form of destruction. To be able to be someone new people have to give up their old selves and move past who they used to bee. When a child develops into an adult, he must give up his toys, his childhood beliefs like believing in Santa Claus. His childhood fantasies must be destroyed if he is to move on. In the years that followed September 11th I could feel myself â€Å"adapt to my new surroundings† (White Line 2). White, through the use of nature explores the scary nature of change: I have to shed my skin again Adapt to my new surroundings become another version of myself. The change within me does not happen overnight but through the evolution of my life (White) I was filled with American’s sense of patriotism and unity. The new American was like â€Å"the first fish that grew tiny legs† (White Line 8). Christine White’s poem, â€Å"Molting† reminded me that it was not just me that grew up, the United States did too. White’s point of view is that change is not a bad thing and is inevitable. Nearly every person around the country joined together as one united entity to pay tribute and homage to all the fallen heroes. There was a sense of harmony and peace. In way I think America, even those the terrorist attacks were tragic, knew that such an event was needed if we were going to â€Å"shed our [my] skin† (White Line 1) and become a stronger nation. As time goes by and my bad memories fade I remember America in it’s full glory. Watching the cumulative effect of humanity shining through the fire and smoke. I remember how many people spoke about the importance of peace and understanding. I wonder if there can be peace if Americans are divide both support and protest our soldiers in Iraq. The war over there caused a war here between Americans. It is the protesters protest protesters on both sides of the issues – each wanting peace in their own way. People who do not want our soldiers fighting in Iraq believe that they would be peace if America stopped butting into everyone’s business. People who are for the war in Iraq believe peace will only come after the destruction of all terrorists. In the end these protesters (on both sides) are destroying the morale and lives of people fighting in the Iraq war and are disgracing the memories of those that died. The price of peace is extremely high especially because Americans do not know if we can ever have it. I do know that â€Å"The line it is drawn The curse it is cast / The slow one now Will later be fast / As the present now Will later be past† (Dylan). I do know that America must hold her ground against the terrorists. Americans will not be tyrannized and forced to live like cowards. Even when we face â€Å"the murderous, cowardly pack, Pressed to the wall, dying, but fighting back! † (McKay Line 14). The American fight for freedom and peace has also managed to destroy our economy. Oil prices increased, the value of the American dollar decreased, and the stock market bottomed out. When Clinton was President the stock market was well over 10,000 after 9/11 it drop well under 8000. President Bush spent the Clinton Surplus on military, and it is just now in 2006 that the stock has become stabilized. I think that our economy will emerge from this disaster and become strong once again like it was before the attacks. In the pursuit of peace and destruction, people in Americans have finally understood their place in society and were back â€Å"in the sun† (White Line 10). Not as a not as a bystanders but an active and willing participants. Americans realize that there needs to be a great deal of change and those changes have started. American citizens encourage our â€Å"senators, congressmen Please heed the call / Don’t stand in the doorway Don’t block up the hall† (Dylan). And governmental officials are making changes. I think our nation needs to help a new generation of people realize that aftermath of that day when humans lives were lost and America’s unique humanity and independence was demonstrated. This generation’s hearts were opened and turned around in the wake of airplane crashes. On September 11, 2001 many people lost their lives because men were seeking their own personal peace. Daily our soldiers are destroyed one by one for the goal of peace. The American economy struggles because of the war for peace against terrorism. Americans fight Americans over whether we should be in Iraq or not which tears apart soldiers’ pride. Before that Tuesday in September, I never thought about life and death. I never considered the consequences of war and the denial of freedoms. Now that I am older, I realize that September 11, 2001 was not just pivotal point for me but America itself. Not since Pearl Harbor had the United States been unexpectedly attacked on it’s own land. Just as families pulled together so did the United States as a whole. As a nation we cried together and we healed together. To actually witness the attacks was life changing but to be part of the healing process was life affirming. A Piece of Peace. (2017, Mar 10).

Persepolis and Satrapi's Why I Wrote Persepolis H R Essay

Persepolis and Satrapi's Why I Wrote Persepolis H R - Essay Example The author admits that she is a pacifist (Satrapi 3).The best way to embody this characteristic into her work was through the use of a child narrator who easily fits the description of a person who would not understand the resolve to war and violence. The child is a reliable narrator; the author succeeds at expressing her mind very obediently as a child would. This adds to the credibility of the work. It feels like she is giving an unbiased opinion because she is too young to establish her core beliefs. The author succeeds at hiding her own biases on the events that were happening around her. She even manages to criticize her own parents. She succeeds at using the innocence associated with childhood to draw the reader’s attention to the political power games of the murderous regime and the cultural intricacies which were taking place at the time. The text includes the example of children acting out the torture they witness to emphasize that they are not always aloof about their surrounding and they fully comprehend what is going

What is the significance of the end of the Cold War for US Foreign Essay

What is the significance of the end of the Cold War for US Foreign Policy - Essay Example inevitably should address different situations all over the world on a regular basis. Thus, the given essay aims to represent both positive and negative aspects of the appeared transformation of international regime for the United States. In the context of advantages, the paper determines the stability of American internal processes in the new circumstances as a basis for its claims on hegemony and strengths in both realist and liberal terms. At the same time, it acknowledges the dangers of prevalence of numerous not dual powerful interests and American economic weakness, which limit its current prominence. In short, it turns evident that the end of the Cold War encourages the US foreign policy to simply accustom already existing principles to the new international conditions. On the one hand, the beginning of Cold War period evoked the completely new agenda setting for the USA; in this context, the rapid collapse of the USSR meant only the elimination of real threat not the end of the already launched processes. For instance, the Grand Strategy of NSC-68 seems not sustainable in the contemporary security matters due to its age. Notwithstanding this, the ground idea of the organized security policy is still valid and determining the U.S. foreign policy1. Moreover, the lying principle of containment policy to â€Å"lay chiefly in preventing the coming together of potentially hostile states†2 sounds reasonable and up-to-date even in the new circumstances. Because of this, it is possible to state that USA has a long-term experience of managing the world in order to maintain its complexity and separateness. Therefore, the post-Cold War appearance of the U.S. foreign policy does not require the new approach but simply encourages to modify already existi ng strategies in the new international system. In fact, the elimination of one of the members in a pair international dominance rivalry creates an opportunity for the winner in this race to turn into

Chinese American discussion homework Research Paper

Chinese American discussion homework - Research Paper Example Due to their racial affiliation, they are discriminated by the Whites. The diversity of culture of the Asian Americans is also an issue especially when they mingle with their White counterparts. Education attainment will also be an issue as the gap between the races is difficult to be narrowed. Friedersdorf indicates that for the previous twenty years, the number of Asians scooping the top most academic awards in the California Institute of Technology has escalated and most of them have been named semifinalists in the National Merit Scholarships (1). Nonetheless, the performance of the Chinese is exemplary regardless of the challenges they meet due to their racial affiliation. They performed well at school as they were forced to study both during daytime and nighttime by their parents in order to be at par with their White counterparts. The fact that the Chinese Americans are undermined based on their race, makes them more motivated to study harder and attain their grades based on merit and diligence (Zakaria 1). Friedersdorf, Conor. â€Å"Is the Ivy League Fair to Asian Americans?† The Atlantic, 21st Dec, 2012. Web. 16 May 2014.